When your firewall or router is configured so that all other devices on internet recognize your home/office servers as having a valid Public IP Address then such a configuration is said to be using NAT or IP masquerading.
Why NAT?
1. No one on the Internet knows your true IP address. Thus it protects your PCs by assigning them IP addresses from "private" IP address space that cannot be routed over the Internet. This prevents hackers from directly attacking your home systems because packets sent to the "private" IP will never pass over the Internet.
2. Hundreds of PCs and servers behind a NAT device can masquerade as a single public IP address. This greatly increases the number of devices that can access the Internet without running out of "public" IP addresses.
NAT Configurations?
You can configure NAT to be one to one in which you request your ISP to assign you a number of public IP addresses to be used by the Internet-facing interface of your firewall and then you pair each of these addresses to a corresponding server on your protected private IP network. You can also use many to one NAT, in which the firewall maps a single IP address to multiple servers on the network.
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